Horvat ʿAmmudim; Umm el-ʿAmed Complete

Description

Initial scholarly work at the site was carried out by Heinrich Kohl and Carl Watzinger in the early twentieth century. Many years later, in the summer of 1979, Lee I. Levine led a focused investigation of the synagogue, with the participation of Ehud Netzer. Apart from this monument, the remainder of the settlement has not been excavated; nonetheless, several surface-visible structures—likely domestic in character—can be observed. Known as Horvat ‘Ammudim (Hebrew for “ruin of the columns/pillars”) and also referred to as Umm el-ʿAmed, the site lies in the Galilee, adjacent to the Netufa Valley. Further reading: Levine, L.I. 1993. "Horvat Amudim" The New Encyclopedia of Archeological Excavations in the Holy Land, vol. 1. Jerusalem, 55-56. Milson, D.W. 2007. Art and Architecture of the Synagogue in Late Antique Palestine. In the Shadow of the Church, Leiden, 394-385. https://synagogues.kinneret.ac.il/synagogues/ammudim/